从林肯的信仰观思格弊变法之难

The Bible is not my book nor Christianity my profession. I could never give assent to the long, complicated statements of Christian dogma.
Abraham Lincoln, US President
圣经既不是我的读本也不是我职业的基督教信仰。我不可能赞成冗长、错杂的基督教条之陈述。 亚伯拉罕·林肯（美国总统）

【姑布评议】
人言林肯晚年信仰上帝。阿门，以此言论，其是其弥留之言。林肯何得有晚年之说？林肯的变通实际上最难。观之中国现代的历史剧，充斥着对变通和改革的高论。如《雍正王朝》，胡玫读之大为震惊，于是“处心积虑”地应答制片人、出资人，如读恋爱般让那些男人们将票投到她头上。胡玫遂穷其所有，成就了大导演的梦想。我想观众何以能认同《雍正王朝》呢？的确很有野史的味道，其中有雍正的政治睿智和人格魅力，但在剧情之中则是其处事的变通和远识让人扼腕。再如《贞观飞歌》、《郑和下西洋》等，唐国强饰演的李世民和朱棣，均能处事不乱、举重若轻，简直不是真实世界的政治家的形象可比拟！现实中也难以寻找！但是我要说，在历史长河中，的确有如此通识远见、棋路卓异的政治家。他们强烈意识到，变法图强的明理！甚至于天下大不韪中游刃有余，滴血不沾、滴血不响！
在生活之中，每个人都有局限，谁又能破局呢？冰释疆局、棋开新局？难！许多人终老而不悟！许多事终老而萦怀！许多命终老而无常！为什么在青春的时候不知道破格变通？对所有于世无所用心、于事无所持力者，不如铺设出一张苏秦、车胤的虚拟课桌，用现代之电子技术制造效果，用信息之传播方式广为通用，苟如此，或可除弊补身。如果此为疗养之极至，愿倡之为业！但此为妄想，但姑论已有意识，却又无可何！于是再次发现，人性的弱点加上命运的安排，终要无可“变通”啊！
－－晨起“炊事”，“恨”父母再次“指手划脚”，以其阶层影响我过甚，遂相气！此为今日心里之大不快事！人欲思变、路求思通，克进，再难，克进，再难，再克进，唯此，示诸己！

以Seneca塞内卡的命运观观国脉、股运和人命

Fate leads the willing and drags along the unwilling.
Seneca
不管你愿不愿意，命运的锭镆列车滚滚向前。
塞内卡

【姑布评议】初看此言，头脑电愣。竟怀疑原版之真无确否了！于是去搜对，发现一句奇妙的译言：
“不愿者，拖曳之——命运如此行事而已。”并有后话：所谓历史必然性的铁律，并不以个人意志为转移，康德曾经慨叹对于这样的历史，只有名之以“大自然的计划”，否则不可思议。

乃知此言大！无论做什么都要顺势、顺时或顺市而为。早数月前我就想，中国的股民如此之多，逐利的资金迟早会将股市捧红，想不到节后出现了一轮独立于世的行情。节前我以为自己抽身而走矣，想不到我是在浪费机会，不过，这仅仅是投机，也无所谓！毕竟，私以为还仅仅是资金的热炒，看不明白也是一种境界！这应该是一个尚未结束的熊市，为什么不能顺之而小炒？可是，我又失去了快速翻身的机会。我真不情愿，但行情图已经描绘出来，我要做的就是向前看，不能在乎错失一轮，置名利于身外！历史就像股市，也滚滚向前，还有不断涨跌的晴雨表，等待着投机分子的进进出出。中国的股市就像中国的经济和政治，已经不能在教科书码对那一双破鞋，我们要做的不仅是与世界同步，而且要让我们自己的生活壮丽多彩；前几周，俺也消费太剧，数百数百地购物，在内心深处感觉中国的消费环境和消费结构在发生惊人的变化，未来的发展不可限量，如此生动的事相，每一个中国公民都应该自信，在科学的引导下正确消费和投资，于国于民于己无不快乐而幸福，这就是我们的历史，不容置疑！

【名家档案】
Seneca on Life
Seneca had a lot to say about life and in a letter to his friend Paulinus, he goes on to talk of those who are overcome by fear and therefore make their lives appear very short.“But life is very short and anxious for those who forget the past, neglect the present and fear the future. When they come to the end of it, the poor wretches realize too late that for all this time they have been preoccupied in doing nothing. And the fact that they sometimes invoke death is no proof that their lives seem long. Their own folly afflicts them with restless emotions which hurl themselves upon the very things they fear…They lose the day waiting for the night and the night in fearing the dawn. Even their pleasures are uneasy and made anxious by various fears, and at the very height of their rejoicing the worrying thought steals over them: ‘How long will this last?’ This feeling has caused kings to bewail their power…”
Posted by Anna at Thursday, August 25, 2005

2 comments:
Anonymous said...
His attitude to life is very sensible. Onr cannot control all of the events surrounding us. It is best to control what we can, and abdicate those things that are outside of our power. People should always realize that they can only influence others superficially, and that most attitudes and desires are embedded from an early age,with scant possibility of change. The key here is working with issues we can influence and being realistic about the limitations on power, And finally, how crucial it is to recognize the destructive power of ego and work to control it accordingly.

草品Popplestone的智慧论

Your brain shall be your servant instead of your master. You will rule it instead of allowing it to rule you.
Charles E. Popplestone
你的智慧可以是你的仆佣而能是你的主人。你要统治它而不是允许它控制你。
理查斯·E·波波尔斯通
【姑布评议】自打成为开化之人，以为自己有些眼光了，想不到实践证明就经不起一榔头的。我们的智慧有时候可笑或无稽之极，所谓聪明反被聪明误！无论做什么，一定要认识得智慧，明白哪一部分是天赋，哪一部分是性情，哪一部分是苦功，它们一起成为了什么，不是谈资，而是快乐生活和有意义人生的利器。当然，小智胜大智的情形比较无聊，但大智之人小愚害节，也是最常见不过。在这个世界上，实际上我们都在犯大小不同的错，并且还以敢冒天下之大不韪自居其是；当然，最怕不是不犯错误，为了正确的方向和荣华的理想，不得不走许多的弯路，但最怕的就是没有从错误中汲取教训，或也不能从正确的经验中举一隅而三隅反，则不可谓大智！大智者，有于世愕愕者，有于世不争者，但求于身于人有大益大德大学。我现在可以自豪地说，我有一种对事物的洞察能力，但是我得承认，面对那些伟大的理想、情操，我现在所拥有的，无非小智之介屑耳！姑塞观察，草行评议！牛年第二周，希望还有不息为评议的习惯力！
附-------------------------------------------
Quotes By:
Charles E. Popplestone

Quotes: "You can really have everything you want, if you go after it, but you will have to want it. The desire for success must be so strong within you that it is the very breath of your life -- your first though when you awaken in the morning, your last thought when you go to bed at night..." "You must be resolutely determined that whatever you do shall always be the best of which you are capable." "Mistakes are stepping stones to success." "Those who commence deliberately. They plod on. They stick to it. They persevere and finally reap their rewards." "You have to do it yourself, no one else will do it for you. You must work out your own salvation." "The successful man is prosperous, because he has developed ninety-five percent of his ability. The failure is poor, because only five percent of his natural talents have been utilized."
---------------------------------------------
"Your brain shall be your servant instead of your master. You will rule it instead of allowing it to rule you." -- Charles E. Popplestone

从塔西佗Tacitus 论法治想到党国之风习

The more numerous the laws, the more corrupt the state.
Tacitus
法律越蕃多，国家越腐败。
塔西佗

【姑布评议】
此言若用于证券投资市场－－扩而言之，用于金融化的市场经济社会－－将会是何种情况？！中国的证券投资相关法律据说还是极不完善，但是投资人都普遍认为阴暗、感性和历史的规则似乎在起作用。此乃鄙人一悟！中国的部门法很多了，多得没有一个体现正义和效率等法之价值的“规则”！君不见部门利益、职能叠架和官僚作风，于现行机制中无孔不入，中国的政治体制远未达到法治的高度，我们的一些高瞻远瞩的领导人正在关切，但是私人以为力度还是远远不够！每个机关到处都有篮子、家族、私利、出卖、侵占等丑恶形象！比如公车私用、公款吃喝、公费差旅，其中的猫腻都只有利益小集团知道！这是很可悲的。并且还不至于此，反映到用人处人方面，我国我党之大量腐化异化甚至变态分子祸国殃民的行为将何时而止？！等到我们的人民醒悟和理智之后，那些人事权、行政许可权甚至司法权将面临着激烈地争斗，一方面必然要受到来自民主的监督，另一方面既得利益者千方百计阻挠、变通和转化！虽然外国的制度的的确确不适宜我们的自身建设和发展，可怜我国人党人哪有毛邓江胡之一丝点觉悟？！此大舟也，有大朽木，久积必终一日而突发，于法治主张者岂不惊惕乎？！

【名家档案】

Cornelius Tacitus (c. A.D. 56 - c. 120) is considered the greatest of the ancient historians. He writes about maintaining neutrality in his writing. A student of the grammarian Quintilian, Tacitus wrote:
De vita Iulii Agricolae 'The Life of Julius Agricola
De origine et situ Germanorum 'The Germania'
Dialogus de oratoribus 'Dialogue on Oratory' 'Histories'
Ab excessu divi Augusti 'Annals' .
Full name, Marcus Claudius Tacitus; name as Emperor, Imperator Caesar Marcus Claudius Tacitus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus.[[1]] We have no reliable information on the earlier career of the Emperor Tacitus. All that is known with any degree of certainty is that in 273 he was consul along with Julius Placidianus.[[2]] All the statements in the Historia Augusta regarding Tacitus' earlier career, including the claim he was related to the historian Tacitus, have been rejected by historians as fictitious.[[3]] The most reliable sources for Tacitus' reign, Zosimus and Zonaras, state that he was chosen Emperor by the army following the assassination of Aurelian in the fall of 275, most likely in November.[[4]] At the time of his elevation he was in Interamna (modern Terni, about 60 miles north of Rome). From there he made his way to Rome where he was confirmed as Emperor by the Senate.[[5]] Tradition has it that he was 75 years old at the time, but there is no way to confirm this.[[6]]
As Emperor, Tacitus first had Aurelian deified, then seized and executed many individuals involved in plotting Aurelian's murder.[[7]] Tacitus then turned his attention to the defense of the Empire. Although the Franks, Alamanni, and Longiones posed threats in the north, Tacitus determined that the greater danger lay in the East.[[8]] Aurelian had enlisted the aid of several barbarian tribes, including the Heruli and Maeotidae (referred to as Scythians in the sources), for a projected invasion of Parthia.[[9]] Aurelian's murder cancelled these plans. Feeling cheated of their opportunity for plunder, the tribes attacked the Roman provinces in Asia Minor, overrunning Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia and Cilicia, and caused terrible destruction.[[10]] Tacitus appointed his half-brother Florian Praetorian Prefect. They campaigned in the East against the invaders, winning Tacitus the title Gothicus Maximus.[[11]]
Tacitus, however, did not long enjoy his victory: on his way back to Europe, he died. Zosimus and Zonaras preserve the report that Tacitus had appointed a relative of his, Maximinus, as governor of Syria. Maximinus was murdered; then the assassins, fearing Tacitus's reaction, murdered him. It was alleged that some of them had also had a hand in murdering Aurelian.[[12]] The Historia Augusta more eccentrically reports that Tacitus became ill with a fever and started showing signs of megalomania: but as the month September Tacitus allegedly wanted named after himself dates his accession incorrectly, the story appears to be a fabrication.[[13]] Tacitus died some time in June of 276.[[14]] His memory was neither condemned nor deified.
Tacitus held the consulship at least twice, first in 273 and again in 276.[[15]] There is numismatic evidence of a third consulship but there is no record of a third in any of the fasti, that is, the lists of consuls.[[16]] Because of the paucity of the sources and the brevity of his reign, little can be said of his policies. It is unlikely that the military would choose as Emperor anyone like the contemplative, abstemious civilian the Historia Augusta portrays.[[17]] A hint may be given by the fact that Tacitus's colleague in the consulship of 273, Julius Placidianus, commanded an army corps in Narbonensis and later went on to be a Praetorian Perfect.[[18]] Nevertheless, some numismatic and epigraphic evidence suggests that Tacitus sought to strike a milder tone than his predecessor. Prominent among his coin legends is Clementia Temporum.[[19]] Unlike both Aurelian and Tacitus' successor, Probus, Tacitus did not take the title, deus et dominus natus ["born god and master"].[[20]] He also issued no Sol Invictus coins honoring Aurelian's favorite deity.[[21]] Some of his coins revive the SC (senatus consulto) marking senatorial authority for the issue, which had been missing in previous reigns. Tacitus also used the Genius Senatus, inscriptions which had disappeared under Valerian.[[23]] Further, in some inscriptions he is styled auctor verae libertatis ["originator of true liberty"], and on coins restitutor rei publicae ["restorer of the state"].[[22]]
Historiography
Tacitus largely fell out of the ancient historiographical record. The best sources are Zosimus and Zonaras. The Historia Augusta creates its own fiction of Tacitus out of forged documents, bogus names and faulty chronology.[[24]] Tacitus deserved better than oblivion or fabrication, having halted potentially serious raiding in the East.[[25]]
Two problems emerge from the evidence for Tacitus's short reign. The first is the six-month interregnum said to have intervened between the death of Aurelian and Tacitus' accession. The years 260-285 have been the subject of close chronological scrutiny, and it has been shown that, although there might have been a brief interval between emperors (something not uncommon), amounting to a few weeks, anything longer is not possible.[[26]] The error appears to have originated in the Latin historians, who confused the duration of Tacitus' and Florian's reign with the brief period between the reigns of Aurelian and Tacitus.[[27]]
The second question is whether or not the edict of the Emperor Gallienus, which had excluded senators from military commands and any other dealings with the military, was set aside during the reigns of Tacitus and Florian.[[28]] Aurelius Victor reports that Gallienus, acting largely through fear of revolts and usurpation, replaced the senators in military offices with Equites. Several passages in the Historia Augusta claim that these edicts were suspended for the duration of the reigns of Tacitus and Florian. The overwhelming consensus among historians, however, is that the passages in the Historia Augusta are unhistorical: no credible evidence suggests that Gallienus' edicts were even temporarily set aside.[[29]]
Bibliography
Primary Sources:
Chastagnol, André (tr.). Histoire Auguste. Paris, 1994.
Cohen, Henry. Description historique des monnaies frappées sous l'Empire romain. Paris & London, 1880-1892.
Dessau, Hermann. Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae. Berlin, 1892.
Festy, Michel (ed.). Pseudo-Aurelius Victor, Abrégé des Césars. Paris, 1999.
Grenfell, Bernard; Hunt, Arthur. "Horoscope of Sarapammon." The Oxyrhynchus Papyri. Part II. No. 1476. London, 1916.
________. Oxyrhynchus Papyri. Vol XII. No. 1409. London, 1916.
Hazzard, J.C. (ed.). Eutropius. New York, 1898.
Liebenam, Willy (ed.). Fasti Consulares Imperii Romani. Bonn, 1909.
Magie, D. (ed.). Scriptores Historiae Augustae. Cambridge, MA, 1982.
Mommsen, T. (ed.) Monumenta Germania Historica. 9.1. Chronica Minora. Chron, A.D. 354; Laterculus Polemii Silvii. Berlin, 1892.
Paschoud, F. (ed.). Histoire Nouvelle [par] Zosime. Paris, 1971.
Rea, J.R. "The Corn Dole Archive." Oxyrhynchus Papyri. Vol. 90. London, 1972.
Zonaras, Annales (12.27). ed. M. Pinder. Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae. Bonn, 1844.
Modern Works:
Alföldi, Andreas. Die monarchische Repräsentation im römischen Kaiserreiche. Darmstadt, 1970.
Anderson, J.G.C. "The Genesis of Diocletian's Provincial Re-Organization." The Journal of Roman Studies. Vol. XXII (1932). Pp. 24-32.
Baynes, Norman. The Historia Augusta: Its Date and Purpose. Oxford, 1926.
________. "Three Notes on the Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine." Journal of Roman Studies. Vol. XV (1925) Pp. 195ff.
Den Hengst, Daniel. "Some Notes on the Vita Taciti." In Giorgio Bonamente and François Paschoud (eds.), Historiae Augustae Colloquium Genevense. Bari, 1994.
Gilliam, J.F. "The Governors of Syria Coele from Severus to Diocletian," AJP, 89 (1958).
Groag, Edmund and Arthur Stein. "Imp. Caesar M. Claudius Tacitus Augustus." Prosopographia Imperii Romani. Part II. Claudius, No. 1036. Berlin, 1936.
Hohl, Ernst. "Vopiscus und die Biographie des Kaisers Tacitus." Klio. Vol 11 (1911).
Jones, A.H.M., Martindale, J.R. Morris, J. "M. Claudius Tacitus," p. 873; "M. Annius Florianus," p. 367. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. Cambridge, 1971.
Jones, Tom B. "Three Notes on the Reign of Marcus Claudius Tacitus". Classical Philology vol. xxxiv (1939). Pp. 366-369.
Keyes, Clinton W. The Rise of the Equites. Princeton, 1915.
Kienast, Dietmar. Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge römischen Kaiserchronologie. Darmstadt, 1990.
Kramer, Ida and Tom Jones . "Tribunicia Potestate: A.D. 270-285." American Journal of Philology. Vol. lxiv (1943).
Merton, Elke W. Stellenbibliographie zur Historia Augusta. 4 vols. Bonn, 1987.
Peachin, Michael. Roman Imperial Titulature and Chronology, A.D. 235-284. Amsterdam, 1990.
Stein, Arthur. "Zur Chronolgie der römischen Kaiser". Archiv für Papyrusforschung. Vol 7. Berlin, 1924.
Stein, Arthur. "Tacitus." Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Vol. 3, cols. 2872-2881 (Claudius No. 361). Stuttgart, 1899.
Syme, Ronald. Emperors and Biography. Oxford, 1971.
________. Historia Augusta Papers. Oxford, 1983.
Notes:
[[1]]Arthur Stein, "Claudius (no. 361)," Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, (Stuttgart 1899) [hereafter PW], vol. 3, cols. 2872ff; Theodor Mommsen, ed., Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum [hereafter CIL], vol. VIII Supp. 18844.
[[2]] Willy Liebenam (ed.), Fasti Consulares Imperii Romani (Bonn, 1909), Year 273; CIL VIII, 18844.
[[3]] Edmund Groag & Arthur Stein, Prosopographia Imperii Romani [hereafter PIR], Pars II (Berlin, 1936), p. 251, no. 1036: "A Cornelis Tacitus rerum Sciptore Orgininem trahit Vita," 10.3, originem absurde. Also, Dietmar Keinast, Römische Kaisertabelle (Darmstadt, 1996), p. 247.
[[4]]Arthur Stein, "Zur Chronologie der römischen Kaiser," Archiv für Papyrusforschung 7 (1924), p. 46. Aurelian died in November 275, and Tacitus was probably emperor by December 10, 275 and no later than January 1, 276. Also Michael Peachin, Roman Imperial Titulature and Chronology, A.D. 235-284, (Amsterdam, 1990), p. 92; PIR p. 252 No. 1036.
[[5]] David Magie, The Scriptores Historiae Augustae (Cambridge, MA, Loeb edition) "Vita Taciti," vii.5 [hereafter, SHA, Vita]; Zonaras, Annales, XII.28, ed. M. Pinder, Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae (Bonn, 1844).
[[6]]SHA, Vita Taciti, VII. 5; Zonaras XII. 28. See, however, Ronald Syme, Emperors and Biography (Oxford, 1971) p. 271. Syme casts substantial doubt over the entire portrayal of Tacitus by the Latin Historians.
[[7]] SHA, Vita Taciti, XIII 1-2.
[[8]] German attacks are mentioned in the SHA, Vita Taciti, III.4. Tacitus's successor, Probus, campaigned along the German border.
[[9]] SHA, Vita Taciti, XII.2-4; Zosimus, 1.63.1; Zonaras, XII.28.
[[10]] See Magie, SHA, Vita Taciti, p. 318 note 3.
[[11]] Appoints his brother prefect, Zonaras, XII.29; victory: Zonaras XII.20; Zosimus I.63; SHA, Vita, XIII.2; CIL XII 5563; Herman Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae [hereafter, Dess.], (Berlin, 1936) vol. 1, 591; Henry Cohen, Description historique des monnaies frappées sous l'Empire romain (Paris & London, 1880-1892), Tacitus, Victoria Gothica: pp. 157-164, Mars Ultor: pp. 55-58, Victoria Aug. pp. 150-156, Victoria Perpetua: pp. 123-124.
[[12]]Zosimus, I.63.2; Zonaras XII.28; J.F. Gilliam, "The Governors of Syria Coele from Severus to Diocletian," AJP, 89 (1958).
[[13]]SHA, Vita Taciti, XIII.6.
[[14]] Arthur Stein, Archiv für Papyrusforschung, Vol. VII (1924) p. 46 note 5. The latest known dates for Tacitus from papyri are P. Oxy VI 907 June 7, 276; Wessely Text GR. 74 June 23, 276; and P. Strassb. 8 June 8, 276.
[[15]]Op. cit. Leibman (Fasti), p. 271 (276 A.D.)
[[16]]H. Webb, The Roman Imperial Coinage, vol 5, pt.1 (London, 1923)[hereafter, RIC]. A third consulship appears on coins from Ticinum, Tacitus 120-121. The possibilities are discussed J.R. Rea, "The Corn Dole Archive," Oxyrhynchus Papyri. vol XL (1972) pp. 27-28.
[[17]] Ronald Syme, Emperors and Biography (Oxford, 1971), p. 247. "...Nothing precludes the hypothesis that Tacitus was a known and eligible character to generals and officers at Caenophrurium... When Tacitus acceded to power, the Danubian armies... made no stir...Tacitus, if the truth could be known, was perhaps one of the Danubian military. He was extracted from his retirement in Campania by the call of duty and the recognition of old friends."
[[18]] Ibid., Syme; Dess. 569; PIR 468.
[[19]] R.A.G. Carson, Coins of the Roman Empire (London & New York, 1990), p. 124.
[[20]] Tom B. Jones, "Three Notes on the Reign of Marcus Claudius Tacitus," Classical Philology, XXXIV (1939), p. 367.
[[21]] Ibid.
[[22]]VERAE LIBERTATIS AUCTOR, CIL XII 5563; REISTITVT. REIPVBLICAE b , Cohen, Tacitus, 107.
[[23]] Andreas Alföldi, Die monarchische Repräsentation im römischen Kaiserreiche (Darmstadt, 1980), p. 135; RIC vol. 5. p. 333 no. 75; pp. 346-347, nos. 205 and 209. SC, Cohen. "Tacitus," nos. 3, 116, 117, 120 et. al..
[[24]]Daniel Den Hengst, "Some Notes on the Vita Taciti," Historiae Augusta Colloquium Genevense (Bari, 1994): p. 104, quantifies, "...less than 10% of the lines deal with facts attested elsewhere"; Syme, op. cit.(1983): p. 214, "...none of the names [in the biography] is genuine save those of emperors."
[[25]] Ronald Syme, Historia Augusta Papers, (Oxford, 1983) p.116. The major themes the author uses the biography for are "...hostility to hereditary monarchy, boy emperors, eunuchs, bureaucrats."
[[26]]Stein, op. cit. See note 4.
[[27]] Syme, op. cit. (1971), pp. 237-238.
[[28]] Michael Festy (ed.), Pseudo-Aurelius Victor, Abrégé des Césars (Paris, 1999), 33,33 "...senatum militia vetuit et adire exercitum."
[[29]]Vita Taciti, 19.2-4; and Vita Probi, 13.1. The veracity of the statements was accepted by L. Homo, "L'empereur Gallien et la crise de l'empire romain au iiie Sieclè," Revue Historique, cxiii (1913), pp. 1-22; 225-267. But this view was convincingly argued against by Norman Baynes, "Three Notes on the Reforms of Diocletian & Constantine," Journal of Roman Studies, xv (1925): esp. pp. 198-199; J.G.C. Anderson, "The Genesis of Diocletian's Provincial Re-Organization," Journal of Roman Studies xxii (1932): esp. pp. 27-28. Also see Clinton W. Keyes, The Rise of the Equites in the Third Century of the Roman Empire, (Princeton 1932), pp. 36-37; and Lukas de Blois, The Policy of the Emperor Gallienus (Leiden, 1976), esp. pp. 39-89.
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